Estimating total length of partially submerged crocodylians from drone imagery.
Aubert, Clément ; Le Moguédec, Gilles ; Velasco, Alvaro ; Combrink, Xander ; Lang, Jeffrey W. ; Griffith, Phoebe ; Pacheco-Sierra, Gualberto ; Pérez, Etiam ; Charruau, Pierre ; Villamarín, Francisco ... show 9 more
Aubert, Clément
Le Moguédec, Gilles
Velasco, Alvaro
Combrink, Xander
Lang, Jeffrey W.
Griffith, Phoebe
Pacheco-Sierra, Gualberto
Pérez, Etiam
Charruau, Pierre
Villamarín, Francisco
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Abstract
Understanding the demographic structure is vital for wildlife research and conservation. For crocodylians, accurately estimating total length and demographic class usually necessitates close observation or capture, often of partially immersed individuals, leading to potential imprecision and risk. Drone technology offers a bias-free, safer alternative for classification. We evaluated the effectiveness of drone photos combined with head length allometric relationships to estimate total length, and propose a standardized method for drone-based crocodylian demographic classification. We evaluated error sources related to drone flight parameters using standardized targets. An allometric framework correlating head to total length for 17 crocodylian species was developed, incorporating confidence intervals to account for imprecision sources (e.g., allometric accuracy, head inclination, observer bias, terrain variability). This method was applied to wild crocodylians through drone photography. Target measurements from drone imagery, across various resolutions and sizes, were consistent with their actual dimensions. Terrain effects were less impactful than Ground Sample Distance (GSD) errors from photogrammetric software. The allometric framework predicted lengths within ≃11–18% accuracy across species, with natural allometric variation among individuals explaining much of this range. Compared to traditional methods that can be subjective and risky, our drone-based approach is objective, efficient, fast, cheap, non-invasive, and safe. Nonetheless, further refinements are needed to extend survey times and better include smaller size classes.
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Date
2024-03-11
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MDPI Commercial Publisher
Research Projects
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Keywords
UAV, Allometry, Crocodiles survey, Non-invasive survey, Ecology, Alternative methods